Here's a couple. There's more in the lists of references and citations in various research databases. You'll probably need a subscription to view these. I've copied the abstracts:
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We investigated the relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence in two large samples. The first sample consisted of 4000+ middle-aged male subjects from the Vietnam Experience Study; personality was measured by the MMPI items converted to EPQ (scales) and a large battery of cognitive tests were factored to derive general intelligence, g. The second sample consisted of 11,000+ young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth from 1979. g was extracted from the ten subtests of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery.
In no cases did date of birth relate to individual differences in personality or general intelligence.
A further goal was to test Eysenck’s notion of possible relationships between date of birth and the popular Sun Signs in astrology. No support could be found for such associations.
We conclude that the present large-scale study provides no evidence for the existence of relevant relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence.
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ScienceDirect - Personality and Individual Differences : The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study Quote:
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In Fuzeau-Braesch [Astrologie: La Preuve par Deux (1992a) and Personality and Individual Differences 13, 1135–1144 (1992b)] the parents of 238 pairs of twins matched brief astrological descriptions with their twins' personalities and achieved 68.5% hits, very significantly better than the 50% expected by chance. The author concluded that astrology may be a “new element in differentiating personality within a pair of twins.” But we found reasons for doubt: her result is incompatible with previous findings, the disattenuated effect size is too high, the interval between births does not increase with increasing personality difference as required by her hypothesis, the astrological descriptions frequently differ from those prescribed by her supposedly objective rules, and the hit rate does not replicate. We then attempted to find an explanation for her results: we found evidence of artifacts in her reported data due to response set and stereotypes, and we found discrepancies between the reported data and the original data. Our re-analysis of the original data showed no significant deviation from chance. We conclude that an astrological explanation of Fuzeau-Braesch's results is unwarranted. The stereotype bias uncovered by us deserves to be added to the general list of human judgement biases.
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ScienceDirect - Personality and Individual Differences : Are personality differences between twins predicted by astrology?
And here's one that investigated associations between personality and season of birth, looking at possible neurophysiological mechanisms:
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Season of birth has earlier been found to be associated with adult suicidal behaviour and with adult turnover of monoamine neurotransmitters. A previous study on adults has also shown an association between season of birth and the personality scales of Cloninger's temperament and character inventory (TCI) in a general population. The temperament scale of novelty seeking, particularly among women, was significantly lower for those born during the period containing winter (October–January) in comparison with those born during the rest of the year. In a different study on adolescents, an opposite season-of-birth relation for novelty seeking was found among adolescents. In the present study, we explore the relationship between season of birth and personality assessed by the TCI, in an independent and non-overlapping cohort of 1145 subjects in the age range 10–102 years. The opposite association between novelty seeking and birth during the half-year containing winter (October–March) as above, is confirmed when comparing those aged upto 25 years to those aged above 25 years. Here, we also find that the temperament scale of harm avoidance among women is significantly associated with the month of birth, with its peak around September for those aged upto 25 years, and around December for those aged above 25 years. The monoamine neurotransmitters are known to be mutually correlated and show complex interactions with each other. It is likely that there is a developmental difference between persons born during different seasons as regards the dynamics of the turnover and interaction among the monoamine neurotransmitters in parallel to the development of the personality traits across the life-span.
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ScienceDirect - Personality and Individual Differences : Variations in personality traits among adolescents and adults according to their season of birth in the general population: further evidence
That may account for some of the patterns people observed which they attributed to astrological influences.